mtt starting hands chart. Speaking on the PokerStars Blog, Severin Rasset acknowledged the difficult balancing act an operator has deciding which tools to allow and which to prohibit:Here is a one-chart-fits-all graphic that we’ve created. mtt starting hands chart

 
 Speaking on the PokerStars Blog, Severin Rasset acknowledged the difficult balancing act an operator has deciding which tools to allow and which to prohibit:Here is a one-chart-fits-all graphic that we’ve createdmtt starting hands chart  This is a major leak for newer players

So…For example, a tight full-ring player will play around 15% of their starting hands while a tight short-handed 6-max player will often play above 20% of their starting hands. Hijack: +33, +ATo, +KJo, +65s, +A2s, +K7s This chart details the Hole Cards that we believe you should open with in an 8-max No-Limit Hold ‘Em tournament without antes – such as Match Poker Online’s™ Battle Royale tournament. Download Advanced PLO Preflop Charts Now. Video tutorial included. 1. 18+ | Play Responsibly | T&C Apply. Claim your free MTT starter bundle now! 1. Execute the action with the range and sizing (if applicable) found in the appropriate box. If you normally raise to 2. 8. You basically ask the solver a poker question and it gives. Raise First In, Call 1. In Super Knockouts, 50% of your buy-in goes to the regular prize pool, and the other half ends up on your scalp. The Poker Hand Range calculator will help you to make the best poker reads - you will most likely be able to read you opponents' poker tells. Therefore, with these preflop charts, you will start with a strong and fundamentally correct strategy, which will help you make the best decisions and understand the principles of the right play. 02/0. If it’s profitable to limp with a hand pre-flop, it’s generally more profitable to raise in order to put pressure on the blinds. Raise: To increase the amount of the previous bet. Avoid getting involved with meaningless pots. Download and use these charts so you know exactly which hands to raise before the flop. If you selected every hand, you would have 100%. If you migrate, this is all automated, but it will take some time depending on database size. 6-MAX NLHE RANGE CHARTS RESOURCE PACK. Before the flop is where it all starts, where you are forced to make your first. The charts tell you which hands to go all-in with if you are the first player into the pot in various positions and with various stack depths. They got involved in a big pot the. AA, KK, QQ AK JJ, TT AQ AJ, KQ None Exactly one More than one None from early position from middle position More than one None from early position from middle position More than one None from early position from middle position More than one None A typical tournament might have a starting stack of 5,000 and an initial big blind of 20, giving each player 250 big blinds. Texas Holdem Starting Hands. 1 to 2. Big Blind Starting Hand Charts. The magic of the Matrix is using 2 2-card no limit grids stacked on top of each other to give us 4 cards of information. 5%). Although this 39% edge is a vast improvement over the 6% edge in the previous comparison, if you make the same comparison in Hold'em (the No. You can click any of these poker tips to jump straight to a detailed explanation that will help your game. Each poker hand chart has been simplified so that the frequency of an action for each hand combo is rounded to the nearest 50%. This phrase drove the pre-flop strategy of almost every tournament regular for years, and it still has some merit. Manage Account My Resources Preflop Charts. Sep 7 2022. Bet small (25-35% pot) on dry, static board textures. There is a 30. The final round of editing will be another read aloud edit starting Saturday. Position is a major factor when it comes to deciding which hands you should play. Aside from the unadorned vanilla variety we now have Double Ups, Triple Ups, Heads-up, 6-Player. Daniel Negreanu was insisting that Doug Polk not use a starting hand chart when they play together. If you have already signed up for a free product, this and all of the other free resources. Therefore, our shove-only range allows us to VPIP 33. Against this range, we can use an equity calculator to determine that QJs has 47. However, ABC poker is really just a term to. We paid special attention to making the chart simple to use, and fitting on 1 page for ease of use. Because six-handed play essentially eliminates early positions, you should widen your range. We would like some opinions. A8o from UTG however, is usually going to be trash and is a. e. When just starting out, strive to find tournaments that have less than 13% rake. Factor 1. 1. A capped range has the top hands missing. 58 rows Poker Hand Rankings - Texas Holdem Starting Hands Chart. Play Fewer Hands And Play Them Aggressively. | Learning, Poker, AkoWhen they hit, they make big pot hands (sets, flushes, full houses, etc. The best is A-A and the worst is either 7-2 or 3-2. SnapShove. DeleteHere are 10 tips to keep in mind when playing fast-structured tournaments: 1. Some hands fare worse than others postflop and thus ‘realize’ less than their raw equity. Players lucky enough to reach the final table should set a goal of winning the tournament now. But first, let’s take a look at what an ante is. bb vs mr 25-17bb. Here are the hands which we identified as premium. Hey guys, Although I already learned pushing ranges, I sometimes have difficulties to determine if I should call shoves with boarderline hands. It also assumes that your opponent is calling perfect ranges, so if you have specific read that particular player is deviating by calling less or more, you can adjust accordingly. Overhead view of a Stud Hi Lo table. This hand chart was created with a little help from a special poker software. left of UTG). What kind of range do you play in the following formats; In SnG (9max) Cash game MTT I suppose I have left this somewhat intentionally broad. After the best pocket pairs, the highest broadway cards become the next best starting hands in Texas Hold’em. Texas Hold’em Charts: Bankroll Management. What hands to cold 4-bet. Get 2 Small Stakes E-Books for FREE! Learn how to beat small stakes poker cash games and tournaments with these 2 books! These strategies will help you win more hands and make more final tables. Download them at Upswingpoker. Royal Flush. Cutoff Raise First In (40 bb Effective) Considering the bottom of your range 40 bb deep in the cutoff, remember these two hands: offsuit nine combos and suited sixes (40% of your range). Note that unlike some of the cash-game ranges, we explicitly included the ability for players. Raise There was one raise. you have a good hand (AA, KK etc. • Value bet relatively weak made hands on the turn against loose players who never fold any made hand or draw. You really want to fold most hands in this blind level until the fishy players are weeded out. It also assumes that your opponent is calling perfect ranges, so if you have specific read that particular player is deviating by calling less or more, you can adjust. If SB has a mixed strategy (including both limping and raising), he can play wider hand range. Pre-Flop Ranges (6-Max) This chart details the Hole Cards that we believe you should open with in a 6-max No-Limit Hold ‘Em tournament without antes – such as Match Poker Online’s™ Battle Royale tournament. Open all hands in blue when UTG at 2. 4 the pot especcially when. Analyze SNG, MTT, Spin & Go, Knockout, and Progressive Knockout tournaments Calculate Nash. Middle stages of MTTs. Call 20 Low pairs 99 - 22 All players fold. The high hand winner is the player with the highest value winning hand – the same as in. Abbreviations for Player Positions at a Poker Table; 7. Third draft almost done. How many blackjack hands per hour? updateAverage hands per hour in online poker – sng, mtt & zoom Blackjack strategy250 hands played in blackjack. Combinatorics in poker refers to the precise number of combinations of various player hands in a given situation. When using Chart #2, however, we want to size up the opponents still to act. OESd An OESD is made up of four cards in sequential order; a ifth card on either end of the sequence would complete the straight. The standard opponent was created based on a database analysis and the experience of several successful players. Remain aware of stack sizes and relative risk. Many successful. With the faster blind levels, you’ll be all-in more often and. 7%, 222 combos;nice, but in MTT every one have a specific strategy adopted just for him, i was a good mtt player until i started to follow the advice given by the pro !!. Your response to a 3-bet should be a fold in 55-60% of cases. Think of pre-flop poker as a pie chart. How do i play from 25-49 bb's pertaining to re raises especially #10 Mojumbo , 10 Mar 15 01:17 If allowed by your poker site/room, we recommend keeping the preflop raise charts up while you play (until you memorize them). Even the loosest preflop players (if they’re winning players) fold before the flop around 70 percent of the time. The hands with the letter “s” next to them represent suited hands, I see the starting hand chart for 50 + and the blind stealing for 25and under. Re-steal Chart - You are not one of the blinds Your Hand Early Pos. The conservative approach has the following traits: very few, but very strong, starting hands are played; when you play, you play aggressively; you avoid marginal situations All Texas Hold’em starting hands can be separated into two categories: “suited” and “offsuit”. Texas Holdem Expected Value Hand Charts – 7 Players. HU (heads up) poker (also considered a type of short-handed poker) will see tight players playing well above 50% of their starting hands. • Four of a Kind: The same card in each of the four suits. However, found below is another possible starting hand range chart that satisfies the ~15%. Pairs Action Early Mid Late SB BB AA, KK, QQ JJ, TT Call* = only call if the stacks are deep, else fold NOTES: "Raised before you" means one raiser. Don’t change style during early levels (tight is still right) With such a deep stack with which to start, you can. Relancer Quelqu‘un a suivi. A Dead Simple Guide to Poker MTT Strategy. To illustrate what some of these tournament charts look like, here are the MTT open-raise ranges from the Red Chip Poker app assuming a stack depth of 20bb. Raises and Re-Raises ahead, open or closed betting – and now a 3rd factor which has a big influence on your starting hand selection pre-flop – stack sizes! As we go through the tournament stack sizes relative to the blinds shift dramatically. If you get these two ranges right, you will have a. 3-betting 96s and 20% of your KQo). Negreanu rightly pointed out that he has allowed Polk the most advantages in their challenge (picking Polk’s known best format and perhaps Negreanu’s worst) and I do agree with him that if he thinks charts muddy the water, Polk should pick. Instead of a game, this app is more of a tool that. HAND NAME. Learn how to play fundamentally sound poker preflop by signing up to get my preflop charts. AA, KK, QQ AK JJ, TT AQ AJ, KQ None Exactly one More than one None from early position from middle. The tournament is complete when a single player has won all the chips that are in play. bb vs limp 17-13bb. This graph shows by position (if no player has entered the pot before you) which hands to play. In 4-Card PLO, the best hands are those where all four cards work together. If you see a hand with a mix of colours, it means you should take one action half the time and the other action half the time. Starting Hand: In Hold’em this is the first two cards dealt to each player at the start of the hand, also known as Hole Cards. Call Shove Chart. © Copyright 2009, PokerStrategy. eight "preflop raise charts" designed to improve starting hand selection and strategy (and win rates) a list of 20 "secret" poker rules when playing three-bet pots 10 Laws of Live PokerPreflop pokerPreflop+ poker gto nash charts by crafty wheel studios pty ltd Holdem texas hands starting poker cards pairs unsuitedPreflop poker ranges. This hand chart was created with a little help from a special poker software. This lesson will explain which starting hands you should play from early position. First hand of a tournament with 15,000 chip starting stacks. Suited and connected hands such as J9s+, T8s+, 97s+, 87s, 76s are better in playability since you will hit a flush draw or a straight draw more frequently. 60BBs- Start using linear ranges as top pair hands have more value, so my range moves from using small pairs, suited connectors and small suited aces as bluffs to using broadway hands for balance. If we assume all players are equally skilled, they can expect to win that much in the long run. 33. The number at the top of the boxes is the hand (eg 55, pair of fives). Example: AKs are: A♥K♥; A♦K♦; A♣K♣; A♠K♠ (four possible combinations). A typical tournament might have a starting stack of 5,000 and an initial big blind of 20, giving each player 250 big blinds. I want to grind the SnG hyper turbo 6-max satellites that have buy in $18 in pokerstars. this range. Below is a table of Texas Holdem starting hands, ordered by their Expected Value (EV) in a 7 player holdem game. Hands that we should continue with are those that retain the highest equity and playability, including: Flush draws There is no specific range of hands for a successful game. Hand protection is not necessary if you have a good, almost certainly winning hand. Generally, it’s also a good idea to play fewer hands from early. and several examples of hands. . Stakes range from $0. If you selected every hand, you would have 100%. ie if your “standard” shoving ranges are 25% when the chart says 20% or whatever then its going to make a very small difference in the long run. Free. And about 50% of the time your premium pre-flop hands will be cracked by anything including pocket 3's and 8/2 suited hitting baby flushes. Solver-generated ranges. This chart details the Hole Cards that we believe you should open with in an 8-max No-Limit Hold ‘Em tournament without antes – such as Match Poker. 117. Squeeze and vs squeeze ranges to help you navigate multiway spots. In DriveHUD there’s the ability to create pre-flop starting hand charts and push/fold charts. Preflop Calling Range Chart. Matrices – Knowing what a hand matrix is and how to properly use one is HUGE!A large part of being a winning poker player is properly ranging your opponents. Probability of being dealt a given starting hand. read. If you normally raise to 4 big blinds, raise to 4 big blinds. I would like some advice on the starting hands (because we are talking about a clear push/fold strategy). For one, it will allow you to fold certain hands even if cEV tells you that a call is profitable. ), whereas top-pair hands go down in value. by FTR Poker Admin | Oct 10, 2023 | Poker Charts & Odds. A starting hands chart is very useful as a rough guide for an absolute beginner, but your ultimate goal should be to progress away from this as soon as possible. DriveHUD – DriveHUD is a poker database and HUD for your online poker play. You should probably use Upswing's charts. There are three phases in a multi-table tournament (MTT): the early phase - with relatively small blinds in relation to stack sizes, and the middle and late phases - where the blinds. Raise (larger) with premium hands, look to. September 30, 2022 · 11 minutes to read The early blind levels in a multi-table poker tournament are the easiest blind levels to play. Cash. Texas Holdem Starting Hands Charts. The below chart is very interesting because you can see the EV change as your position changes along the table. 0. Just like our UTG range, open all hands in blue for 2. This fact is because they can make pairs and other holdings that are higher than those your opponent (i. Starting with Opening Hands. Using ICM – Applying Pressure and Making Big Folds. 2% 23. "Semi-Bluff" Aggressively with Your Draws. For example, when I have hand like J8,J9,J10 suited and 23. 5 Card PLO is the perfect game for those players who want to get as far away as possible from bots and play-by-numbers nits with hand charts. This is a Hand Matrix. After the departure of one of the opponents, the decisive stage of Spin and Go - Heads Up begins. CALL: match the bet put into the pot. You should have a clear gasp of 100bb ranges (which are very similar to cash ranges) and 20bb ranges. In position, you can flat call 3-bets much wider with a deep stack than you can when 100 big blinds deep. There are several profitable ways to play a MTT. 6 min. Because of this, many players who get there often fail to adjust to the uniquely aggressive style of play that heads-up poker requires. Starting hand selection in the middle phase is quite different from that of the early phase. Tom discusses the starting hand requirements in 5-card PLO8, noting how these opening ranges compare to those in. 5% (compared to 31. As new Short Deck Poker strategy information emerged, the game gained more attention in the USA and around the world. This is a result of the MTT-specific factors listed above. Starting hands are one of the easiest and fundamental concepts to learn in MTTs. With an open-ended straight draw, for example, your chance of hitting a straight by the river is 45. Poker Starting Hands Guide | Best Starting Hands | CardsChat. The early stage of these turbo tournaments is going to be your only opportunity to play 'proper poker', as the blinds are going to be small in relation to. For. 100% up to $1000 and $8 free . Position This is partially factored into most starting-hands charts. 26. MTT Tournament Strategy. We are now shoving 16. The first hand category is made up of all starting hands with a pair. Or Big Blind: The equilibrium callbot chart only works if you’re in the big blind. Starting hand guide for no limit holdem 6 max games. You already know about the aggressive play in. GTO MTT ranges for the button (left) and BB (right) For those keen beans, go ahead and draw the equity buckets on a piece of paper before reading on. Learning how to defend against 3-Bets well in today's small stakes poker games will be a big key to your success. This Is PLO. I've only played around 9k hands (lost 8 buyins in the last 1. AsAdJsTd. The calculations further assumed an open-raise size of 2. Middle Pos. Look for correlations between these stats and post-flop actions to refine range estimations. Sooner or later you are forced to become active. I defended (basic) charts recently but concluded that it is still probably better to study the ranges away from the table to internalise them, rather than have them on hand. 5+ hours of new training content added every month. In late position, you can open it up a great deal, but if there. Stick to very premium hands in early position -- throw away AQ offsuit and KQ suited under the gun, and stay away from the smaller pairs. bb vs limp 13-11bb. 60-Minute Master: MTT Part 3, Starting Hands (Early Position to Late. Tight Is (Mostly) Right, However. 183 Videos. Raise There was one raise. Hello RIO! I've been reading and taking notes from The Grinder's Manual (TGM) whilst playing NL10 on Bet365 poker and have a few questions. But say you begin with 10,000 chips with those same 25/50 blinds for Level 1. To illustrate what some of these tournament charts look like, here are the MTT open-raise ranges from the Red Chip Poker app assuming a stack depth of 20bb. 2. This calculation factors in all. But in my experience, there’s no better way to get your opening ranges down than good old fashion drilling. The early stage of a multi-table tournament includes the first 1-5 blind levels or until the antes come into play. The multi-table poker tournament – or ‘MTT’ – is a staple of both the online and live poker worlds and without it the poker industry wouldn’t be where it is today. Texas Hold'em Starting Hands Infographic. 5 big blinds. Poker Table Positions – Understanding Different Seats at the Table. 45 Videos. Early Stage MTT Strategy. There’s 10,000 in the pot, and both you and your opponent have 10,000 chips behind. 3% 66. This is the. These MTT preflop ranges are simplified versions of the strategy output by GTO poker solvers. . Again, know when you need to tighten up here since the whole table is left to act. March 21, 2021. At the start of an mtt play tight, follow a starting hand chart if you find one, and, when you are in position with a hand don't be afraid to play. Open Your Range. which is ideal for competent MTT players breaking into mid-stakes and above. Bluff: When a player makes a raise or bet without a strong hand to try and make their opponents fold. First of all, it makes your game more structured by giving you a solid starting point. The positions around a table in an 8-player game, clockwise from the. These push fold charts are calculated based on ICM poker considerations and are used by the best MTT players, so it is considered an optimal approach for end game situations. Any custom hand chart created in DriveHUD can be added to a HUD for quick review and reference. We use poker hand grids to visualize ranges. Early stage ICM example hand. RAISE/ISO) After a lot of interest in our first volume of the Starting Hand Chart and a good deal of positive feedback, we have finally finished a more advanced preflop guide on how to play your hands when facing either an open raise or an isolation raise meaning there. Early Stage MTT Strategy. So to save you a tremendous amount of time, I put together this pack. Also, you will find that most of these books lay out an overly. A lot of success in poker comes from choosing the right hands to play. These charts assume you are playing 100bb deep and that the action is folded to you unless otherwise stated. Learn what starting hand means when poker players say it. In Short Deck Hold’em, your chances of flopping an open-ended straight draw are 19% (compared to 10% in a full-deck game). Learn to Read Bigger Draws. Once you get this right you’re more or less ahead of 90% of the field in micro-stakes. These MTT preflop ranges are simplified versions of the strategy output by GTO poker solvers. 50 perOn all poker sites, small stakes Texas Hold’em cash games are the most popular. This is especially true when it comes to early and middle position opens, where there are still many opponents left to. 60BBs-. Below, you can find a chart of the most common stakes found between online and live, along with some remarks about them:. Tip #3 – Defend Your Big Blind Often. ˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝ s ˘ y d ˝ ˝˝ ˛˛˚˜˜˚ u " # $ ˙ u &&˚ u " # $ ˙ u 2 u e - " # $ ˙ k u s ˘ y d ˝ ˝˝ ˛˜ ˚˛˜ u " # $ ˙ u e * eAdjust Your 3-Bet Calling Range. By picking up lots of small pots, you’ll pay a lower amount of rake but with a much higher frequency. If we use too large or too small of a size, our opponent will have an easy decision with most of his hands. NOTE 2: SB range accounts for only when the Small Blind is playing a “Raise First-In” (RFI) strategy. Look to play pots with high-card hands that have the ability to make the nut flush or nut straight and hold their equity well to showdown. Poker winning hands - 10 card spread tarot - rummy Online. These statistics were produced by using millions of hand histories to compute the following results. Yes I was so tight that I folded AQ off at tables were I could. Relancer Paires moyennes JJ, TT Tout le monde se couche. As new Short Deck Poker strategy information emerged, the game gained more attention in the USA and around the world. You will be provided with an overview of this in the Starting Hands Chart, which gives you a simple strategy for the first betting round in an easy to understand. Nicknames for starting hands. Charts that show you what hands to play and from what position. was using what is called a Hand Matrix. 1 starting hand A A versus the No. These MTT preflop ranges are simplified versions of the strategy output by GTO poker solvers. e. The increasing blinds of tournaments produce a decrease in the average stack, as expressed as a multiple of the big blind. If you have a firm grasp on which hands you should play from what positions, you’re going to set yourself up for success. Poker contains a lot of repetitive math, especially when studying poker hands away from the table. This Cheat Sheet covers every kind of starting hand and gives you easy-to-follow instructions on how to play them in. The ranges of both players in the hand determine who might be more likely to win the hand. START. Nuttiness. It’s great to learn about different groups of hands in your ranges. So, the best PLO starting hands are not as powerful as the best texas hold'em hands are. If you Google starting-hand charts, you’re going to find hundreds of examples that. It tells you which two cards to play from each position at a 6max table. It is important that you find that fine balance between knowing when to call, fold or get even more aggressive by re-raising them right back (also known as a 4-Bet). Pocket pairs are extremely strong multiway candidates since they become a set on the flop 11. Sometimes you need to shove with 20 bb because there are opponents on the table that will call a decent raise with any two cards and hit the flop because they are in a heater. 05. Starting Hand Chart (BSS) Hands Actions ahead of you Early Pos. Middle Position (places 3-6 to act): Pairs 8-8+; A-J off suit or better, K-Q. 50 and the current pot is $12. Top of the range: A-A-2-3 : This is the strongest Omaha 8 hand of all. It seems to be a testament to the fact that a lot of players just want to gamble and aren't really interested in poker strategy. Learning how to play solid preflop is the first step towards becoming a winning player. The concept of ABC poker is oftentimes misunderstood. Starting Hand Chart (BSS) Your Cards Actions before you Early Position Middle Position Late Position Blinds High Pairs AA, KK, QQ All players fold Raise One player called Raise One player raised Raise Middle Pairs JJ, TT All players fold Raise One player called Raise One player raised Call 20 Low Pairs 99 - 22 All players fold Fold Call Raise Call 100BBs+ deep, tend to use a polarized bluffing range. Returning to the hijack with 12 big blinds example, look closely at what suited aces are shoved with: A7s+, A5s. Conveniently view your library of preflop ranges. It will help you know which hands you should play by position in a typical 6-max game: 6-Max Starting Hand Chart. 1 - Opening Ranges from Lojack/ UTG – 6Max . Multi-table tournaments are a marathon. As more players enter the pot, the equity of your range decreases. ago. Again, poker is a game of skill, and strong players with the best poker strategy will almost always win over a long period. So if you select no hands, you would have 0%. The Game Plan. 05), or even 10NL. Here is a poker range chart representing the starting hands for the player at the Small Blind position. This is the most suitable approach for beginners. AA, KK, QQ, JJ, AK; Here are the poker starting hands you should call a re-raise (3Bet) with from all positions. closer to the top of the chart), the betterUsing the starting hand chart above, we can determine that we’re opening 254 combos from the HJ, something that looks like this: According to MDF, we must be defending 67% of these hands, or 170 combos to be unexploitable. Here are some examples: A♠A♦K♠K♦ - This hand is the best possible double-paired starting hand. 3 PLO Starting Hand Factors. 3 PLO Starting Hand Factors. You have the option of rerasing a lone raiser; otherwise, always call a raise. Move down the row to the right and find the column that corresponds with your position at the table. The 13 pairs and 156 unpaired hands give a total of 1326 unique combos of hands. Middle Pos. The system divides a poker tournament into 5 different zones based on a player's stack size as compared to the blinds and antes. If you’re going to play poker, you have to. 25BB open has to pick up the pot less than half of the time to show an immediate profit. You need to refer to these charts away from the table when you review your play. A genuine premium poker hand might be one that you open from any position – pocket tens or better and big suited aces like A♠K♠ or A♥Q♥. These include the concentration of MTT reagent and the proportion that actually enters the cell, cellular metabolic activity (which is highly dependent on a multitude of variables including treatments to the cells, biological effect of culture media, cell density,. They allow players to set up a hand scenario and find the optimal solution to that situation. but if you are. Your decisions will vary based on stack sizes and player’s abilities and tendencies, but the hand selection chart is as good a starting point. Chips. Note that unlike some of the cash-game ranges, we explicitly included the ability for players. EARLY STAGES. 5% in full-deck hold’em). GTO strategy involves a lot of mixing, which means that a particular hand combo may be raised 18% and folded 72%. There is no reason for you to try to create marginal situations. When discussing "Middle Stage Strategy" we emphasized how stack sizes begin to influence your approach to specific hands and situations. This article will introduce you to the conservative approach. The positions around a table in an 8-player game, clockwise from the. LearnWPT. Don’t try to maintain your starting stack. 6%. 1. Easy way to improve your win-rate. PLO Puzzle.